Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay -- essays research papers

Dissociative Identity Disorder, as characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR), is â€Å"characterized by the nearness of at least two unmistakable characters or character expresses that repetitively assume responsibility for the individual’s conduct joined by a powerlessness to review significant individual data that is too broad to even think about being clarified by common neglect. It is a confusion portrayed by character fracture instead of a multiplication of discrete personalities.† To qualify as dissociative character issue, otherwise called D.I.D., in any event two characters should routinely assume exchange responsibility for the person's conduct, and there must be lost memory that goes past ordinary absent mindedness. This memory misfortune is regularly alluded to as losing time. These side effects must happen freely of substance misuse or a general ailment. â€Å"Dissociative character issue is an uncommon determination, in spite of the fact that individuals right now with a conclusion of psychosis may in actuality be encountering what is related with the turmoil. In view of the uncommonness of the finding, there is a lot of misconception and obliviousness among individuals and psychological wellness experts. Unique consideration is given to the truth of adapting to the challenges that dissociative personality issue creates.† D.I.D. has been confused often with schizophrenia (additionally called dementia praecox). By and large, from the main sign to the finding. D.I.D. patients are frequently scared by their dissociative encounters and may go to crisis rooms or facilities since they dread they are ... ... a subordinate to psychotherapy and additionally drug. These incorporate hydrotherapy, home grown medication, helpful back rub, and yoga. Reflection is normally debilitated until the patient's character has been reintegrated. Treatment of D.I.D. is mind boggling. Patients are regularly rewarded under an assortment of other mental findings for quite a while before being re-determined to have D.I.D. Numerous patients are misdiagnosed as discouraged in light of the fact that their essential character is curbed and pulled back. The standpoint for individuals with D.I.D. is generally excellent, on the off chance that they stay with the treatment that works for them. A few advisors accept that the guess for recuperation is superb for kids and useful for most grown-ups. In spite of the fact that treatment takes years, it is frequently eventually compelling. When in doubt, the prior the patient is analyzed and appropriately rewarded, the better the odds for development.

Eve And The Apple :: God Religion Religious Eve Adam Essays

Eve and the Apple      No one totally comprehends the methods of God. Huge numbers of us can come up with our own feelings, and legitimize his routes as far as we could tell, similarly as Milton did in Paradise Lost. Similarly as Adam and Eve, we as a whole are talented with unrestrained choice and the duty of settling on significant choices and decisions throughout our life, which will decide our future. Yet, we may well ask ourselves today, of what use would this through and through freedom be to us in the event that we didn't know great from abhorrent? At the point when Eve ate the apple in the Garden of Eden she had two unique voices mentioning to her what to do. God had said that Adam and Eve may eat any organic product from any of the trees in the Garden of Eden aside from the tree that contains the information on great and detestable. Satan (masked as a snake) disclosed to Eve that she would not kick the bucket from eating that organic product, that her eyes would be opened, knowing both great and abhorrence. Be that as it may, at the time Eve settled on her choice, she didn't have the information on great what's more, insidious. Eve didn't have the foggiest idea about the snake could be Satan in essence, nor did she realize that her craving to turn into a goddess would be a transgression.      The fundamental explanation Eve eats the apple is on the grounds that she needs to turn into a Goddess. The snake said that he was a monster and subsequent to eating the natural product from the tree of information on great and abhorrence he turned out to be progressively human like. Eve was tempted by the expressions of the snake who said that If the natural product makes a snake like a man, it should make men like divine beings. (Line 710: That ye ought to be as Divine beings, since I as man, Internal Man, is nevertheless extent meet; I, of animal, human; ye, of human, Gods.)      Other contentions that the snake used to control Eve included; 1,) You will not kick the bucket, take a gander at me, I have contacted and tasted and I have not passed on. 2,) Should man not be permitted an organic product that a brute has? 3,) How can God's tree give information out without wanting to, in the event that he definitely knows all?      Eve additionally expresses that by God denying the organic product he made it more alluring. While mulling over whether to eat the organic product, Eve ponders, why the mammoth didn't pass on in the wake of eating the organic product? For what reason should such learned food be held for brutes? In any case, her fundamental explanation behind eating their natural product is to secure more noteworthy force, to turn into a goddess. She discloses to Adam that it was a Eve And The Apple :: God Religion Religious Eve Adam Essays Eve and the Apple      No one totally comprehends the methods of God. A considerable lot of us can come up with our own conclusions, and legitimize his courses as far as we could tell, similarly as Milton did in Paradise Lost. Similarly as Adam and Eve, we as a whole are skilled with unrestrained choice and the obligation of settling on significant choices and decisions throughout our life, which will decide our future. Be that as it may, we may well ask ourselves today, of what use would this through and through freedom be to us on the off chance that we didn't know great from detestable? At the point when Eve ate the apple in the Garden of Eden she had two distinct voices mentioning to her what to do. God had said that Adam and Eve may eat any organic product from any of the trees in the Garden of Eden with the exception of the tree that contains the information on great and fiendish. Satan (camouflaged as a snake) revealed to Eve that she would not bite the dust from eating that organic product, that her eyes would be opened, knowing both great and malevolence. Be that as it may, at the time Eve settled on her choice, she didn't have the information on great also, fiendish. Eve didn't have the foggiest idea about the snake could be Satan in essence, nor did she realize that her craving to turn into a goddess would be a wrongdoing.      The fundamental explanation Eve eats the apple is on the grounds that she needs to turn into a Goddess. The snake said that he was a monster and in the wake of eating the natural product from the tree of information on great and shrewdness he turned out to be progressively human like. Eve was allured by the expressions of the snake who said that If the organic product makes a snake like a man, it should make men like divine beings. (Line 710: That ye ought to be as Divine beings, since I as man, Internal Man, is nevertheless extent meet; I, of savage, human; ye, of human, Gods.)      Other contentions that the snake used to control Eve included; 1,) You will not bite the dust, take a gander at me, I have contacted and tasted and I have not passed on. 2,) Should man not be permitted an organic product that a mammoth has? 3,) How can God's tree give information out without wanting to, on the off chance that he definitely knows all?      Eve likewise expresses that by God disallowing the natural product he made it more attractive. While examining whether to eat the natural product, Eve ponders, why the monster didn't pass on in the wake of eating the organic product? For what reason should such learned food be saved for monsters? Be that as it may, her primary purpose behind eating their natural product is to gain more noteworthy force, to turn into a goddess. She discloses to Adam that it was a

What Rioters Are Reading On July 30, 2015

What Rioters Are Reading On July 30, 2015 In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jessica Woodbury   The Three-Body Problem by Liu Cixin: Snagged a signed copy at BEA and it’s finally at the top of my TBR pile. (Hardcover) The Rim of Morning: Two Tales of Cosmic Horror by William Sloane (NYRB Classics, October 6): I love the horror reprints from NYRB Classics, so far this is reminiscent of Lovecraft and I’m in. (E-galley) Jamie Canaves   The Library at Mount Char by Scott Hawkins: I try really hard to ignore book excitement and comps because I feel it just creates disappointment where there probably wouldn’t have been BUT this time I couldn’t ignore all the shouting about this book and “Neil Gaiman meets Joe Hill”okay, you got me! And so far it’s amaze-balls. (egalley) Deadly Design by Debra Dockter: Was looking for something that might be a good read for Orphan Black fans. (Hardback) The Ghost Bride by Yangsze Choo: That beautiful cover followed by the tag “One evening, my father asked me if I would like to become a ghost bride…” I certainly need to know more. (ebook) Rebecca Joines Schinsky In the Language of Miracles by Rajia Hassib (Viking, August 11): This year has brought an embarrassment of riches with debut novels, and this is the latest one to grab my attention and steal my heart. (galley) The Social Sex: A History of Female Friendship by Marilyn Yalom with Theresa Donovan Brown (HarperPerennial, September 22): Nothing is more in-my-wheelhouse than an investigation into how women’s friendships developed and were depicted throughout history. This is fascinating. (galley) E.H. Kern   The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words, 1000 B.C. â€" 1492 A.D. by Simon Schama: I’ve wanted to read this for a long time, and I had it on the shelf (which collapsed, by the way, when I removed this book). (Hardcover) Maya Smart   Redefining Realness:  My Path to Womanhood, Identity, Love So Much More by Janet Mock: Needed a deeper understanding of a transgender experience in order to answer questions raised by I Am Jazz, a picture book I read to my daughter. (Paperback) Between The World and Me by Ta-Nehesi Coates: Because Ta-Nehesi Coates. (Hardcover) Waking Up White, and Finding Myself in the Story of Race by Debby Irving: It’s a candidate for my recommended reading list for people who want to be racial justice advocates but need to grapple with “whiteness” first. (Paperback) Rachel Smalter Hall   Men We Reaped by Jesmyn Ward: Has been rec’ed by my fellow Rioters too often to ignore. In a haunting memoir, Jesmyn Ward tells the story of losing five young men from her southern Black community. (Hardcover, library) How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World by Steven Johnson: For my book club! The book that inspired the PBS miniseries, Johnson explores the unintended consequences of innovations like refrigeration, clocks, and eyeglass lenses. (Audio) Nikki Steele   Blue Is the Warmest Color by Julie Maroh: This is a backlist comic I’ve been long meaning to read. I saw it on Scribd and read it next to a lake while camping. Perfection. (Scribd) Never Have I Ever by Alisha Rai: This is a fantastic erotic novella with werewolves and cabin-y goodness. (Scribd) Derek Attig   DC Trip by Sara Benincasa (Adaptive, November 3): I was in the mood for something funny. It really doesn’t disappoint. (e-galley) Soulless by Gail Carriger: Like I saidsomething funny. Also doesn’t disappoint. (ebook) The Wind City by Summer Wigmore: With all that funny, I felt the need to mix in some weird and dramatic. Part of a balance diet, etc., etc. (ebook) Tasha Brandstatter Wouldn’t It Be Deadly by DE Ireland: For a book club. (hardcover) The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu: One of the books on my bucket list. (audiobook) Frommer’s Ireland 2015 by Jack Jewers: For an upcoming trip. (ebook) Kim Ukura   Ghettoside: A True Story of Murder in America by Jill Leovy: I saw a mention of this one as a ‘masterful piece of literary journalism’ about the epidemic of murders in Los Angeles County and was intrigued. (hardcover, library) Amanda Nelson   Smoke Gets in Your Eyes by Caitlin Doughty: As is my wont, I waited almost a year for the buzz around this one to die down before finally picking it up so I could read in a bit of a vacuum. This memoir  of  a 20-something working in a crematorium is equal parts gross (literal fat pools, heads, etc.), sad (babies), and thoughtful (meaning of death/cultural death rituals stuff). (Audio) Happy Are the Happy by Yasmina Reza: For Best Translated Book Award consideration (I’m a judge this year). A charming novel of love and marriage and life told through a series of linked stories, a la La Ronde. A Useless Man: Selected Stories by Sait Faik Abasiyanik: Also for BTBA consideration- a newly translated collection of short stories from Turkey’s most well-known short story writer, who died in the 1950s and really deserves to have a Literary Moment in the US. Emma Nichols George by Alex Gino (Scholastic, August 25) After three fellow booksellers implored me to read George I brought it with me on vacation and zoomed through it in a couple hours. Its the story of a transgender nine year-old trying out for a girls part in the school play. I hope to get it into the hands of everyone I knowâ€"child and adult, trans and cis, straight and queerâ€"because Georges story is such an important one (ARC). Eric Smith   The Serpent King by Jeff Zentner: A Young Adult debut about a teen boy living in the aftermath of his father’s downfall. His father? A former minister who used to wrangle snakes, passing the venomous creatures out amongst his congregation. The result of his father ending up in jail leads to the teen being mocked and bullied. I’m about halfway through, and I can already tell this will be one of my favorite books of 2016. Out in March via Crown Books for Young Readers (ARC). Kristel Autencio The Grace of Kings by Ken Liu: I was not prepared for how huge this book actually is. At some instances I find myself wishing that the novel has the same precision that Liu often wields in his short stories, but he’s basically steering a warship here, so I forgive the occasional flimsy characterization. (ebook/audiobook) Ubik by Philip K. Dick: My book club’s pick for August and my very first PKD novel. (Scribd) Pale Horse, Pale Rider by Katherine Anne Porter: Yet another book for the book club, this time a random book assigned by a Book Oracle. (mass market paperback) Kelly Jensen Bright Lights, Dark Nights by Stephen Emond: This is a YA novel that features illustrations throughout, giving it a very moody, noir-y feel, which is fitting since the main character is a noir fanatic. But on a bigger level, it’s a story about racial tensions and what happens when a white boy falls in love with a black girl amid those city-wide tensions. I haven’t read a male-led romantic story in a long time, and I’m enjoying it. (print ARC) Out by Natsuo Kirino: As soon as Leila mentioned this one in her buy, borrow, bypass piece a couple weeks ago, I knew I had to read it. I’m here for “tornado of bonkers.” (Library copy) Ellison Langford   The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria by Gertrude Bell. A century ago, Englishwoman Gertrude Bell spent years traveling independently throughout the Middle East. It’s very “Our colonizing of this region sure has improved things,” which is irritating, but it’s so fascinating to read a first-person account of a woman taking on such an unthinkable endeavor. The plot is more drinking coffee with various tribal leaders than swashbuckling camel stampedes, but still worth acknowledging. Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer. Sean Penn adapted a film from this narrative journalism cobbling together of Christopher McCandless’ foray into the arctic that ended in his death. Krakauer talked to an unbelievable number of people who knew McCandless during his life before and after his disappearance into his wandering alter ego Alexander Supertramp. Depicts an, at times, enraging portrait of yet another disaffected white guy who thought he was too brilliant for an ordinary life, and hurt those who loved him best in his pursuit of adventure. Karina Glaser Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga  by Pamela Newkirk: This is the true story of Ota Benga, a Congolese man who was kidnapped from his home and brought to America where he was featured in a display at the World’s Fair in St. Louis in 1904 and placed in a cage with an orangutan at the Bronx Zoo monkey house in 1906. Newkirk’s reporting follows his life, the people who tried to advocate and free him, and those who sought to exploit him and keep him captive. A terrifying and painful read, but an important piece of social history to know about today. (Library Hardcover) Nimona by Noelle Stevenson: A great and fun read. I love the character of Nimona and how you’re never quite sure what’s she up to. (print ARC) Rachel Weber Let Me Tell You: New Stories, Essays, and Other Writings by Shirley Jackson: Someone has shuffled around in Jackson’s papers and managed to find a handful of short stories and essays. Not everything they found was pure gold but Jackson is such a master on capturing everyday cruelties and curiosities that I would happily read her shopping lists. (Digital galley, out August 4th) Down the Rabbit Hole: Curious Adventures and Cautionary Tales of a Former Playboy Bunny by Holly Madison: I was obsessed with reality show The Girls Next Door as a naive “well they probably don’t have sex with him” 22 year old and this book makes me feel really bad about that. It’s bitter and bitchy as hell but also fascinating how is Hugh Hefner still a thing? (Scribd audiobook) Go Set A Watchman by Harper Lee: Alright ALRIGHT I’ll read it already. Jeez. (Audiobook) Martin Cahill   The Fifth Season by N. K. Jemisin: I *Chris Traeger Voice* LITERALLY . . . just finished this book an hour ago, and it is a wonder! One of Jemisin’s strongest books to date, with complicated, beautiful, heartbreaking characters, exploring the themes of cataclysm, family, slavery, disenfranchisement, dead civilizations, and power, through a fantastical lens of earthquake magic, stone people, and giant floating obelisks of immense power and mysterious origin. This one is not to be missed! (paperback galley, out August 4th) The Best American Science Fiction and Fantasy edited by John Joseph Adams and Joe Hill: The inaugural collection of the best science fiction and fantasy short stories of the year through Houghton Mifflin Harcourt’s esteemed and established line of Best American collections has an impressive line-up and is poised to dash out of the gate come October. While featuring well-known authors such as Neil Gaiman, Karen Russell, Jo Walton, and Kelly Link, Adams and Hill have also seeded this collection with a wealth of more recent science fiction and fantasy authors such as Sofia Samatar, Sam J. Miller, Carmen Maria Machado, Nathan Ballingrud, Alaya Dawn Johnson, and more. I’m only a few stories in, but my heart has ached with every single story I’ve read so far, and I fear it’s only going to get worse (in a good way). The line-up is stellar, and there is literally a story here for everyone. You’re going to want this one for sure. (Paperback galley, out on October 6th) Hannah Depp   Gold Fame Citrus by Claire Vaye Watkins (Sept 29 from Riverhead). This book consumed me and I could not resist returning to it. Luz and her husband Ray are living in an abandoned starlets mansion trying to fight boredom and constant thirst in a not too distant future where all the fresh water in the west has dried up and a sand dune is consuming all in its path. Enter baby Ig, a mistreated child they cannot help but try to build a better future for. Heartbreaking realism stands side by side with government conspiracies and religious mania in Watkins first full novel. I was as thirsty for her descriptions of the western wilderness and the emptiness inside of us as her characters are for water. (galley) As for Me Harvest Home by Thomas Tryon: Something about stupid-hot weather always makes me want to read horror. Tryon also wrote one of my favorite scary books, The Other. (hardcover) The Lesser Dead by Christopher Buehlman: Like I said, Im in the mood for scary! (hardcover) Man-Eater: The Life and Legend of an American Cannibal by Harold Schechter: About real-life American murderer Alfred Packer. Nom nom nom. (e-galley) The Best Horror of the Year Volume Seven edited  by Ellen Datlow: Good stuff, rounded up by one of the best! (galley)

Review Of Rain Man By Dustin Hoffman And Tom Cruise s...

Since the understanding of psychiatric disorders have becomes more common in population, art pieces like movies and novels began use people with some extent psychiatric disorders as their main characters. In Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise’s movie Rain man, Dustin portrayed a man called Raymond, and be diagnosed as autism. The movie present his experience with his brother which portrayed by Tom. According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed,; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Raymond is diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This paper will describe the symptoms on DSM-5 accompany Raymond’s behaviors in the movie. Moreover, biological, psychological, and social factors could influence ASD’s development in variance ways. The suggested treatment will also be discussed. First time Raymond appeared in the movie, he recognized the car, and he just directly sited in the car. â€Å"I’m sorry, this is not your car.† Susanna said, â€Å"Yeah, my dad lets me drive slow on the driveway.† Raymond didn’t explain the reason he directly sited in the car, and didn’t reply to Susanna. He is not able to make a fluent conversation with people. He cannot get the main point of other people’s talking, therefore, he cannot reply appropriately. Moreover, Raymond had a very strict schedule for each day. He mentioned that â€Å"I always drive the car on Saturday, never drive on a Monday†. Also, he never leaves the hospital for more than 2 hours. He has a rigid

Voting Rules For Minority Governments - 2179 Words

Voting establishes choice; it allows opportunities and variety to be discovered amongst individuals. In Canada, voters choose to elect one Member of Parliament in their riding. The political party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons becomes the government’s ruling party. If this party wins more than half the seats, it forms a majority government. If they win less than half the seats, it results in a hung parliament, which can either, be a minority government or a coalition. Canada mostly forms minority governments, which are made up of cabinet ministers from the party alone and the rest is left up to chance that opposing members will support their plans. I agree with the statement that minority governments are preferable to majority governments because in order to remain in power and maintain confidence in the House of Commons they have to negotiate with other parties. Since they do not have a majority, they cannot use â€Å"party discipline† to confirm sup port in legislature. (Minority Governments in Canada, 2007) Due to this, they must work with opposition parties in order to garner support for their government legislation. Minority governments are said to be unstable due to needing the support of other parties to stay in power and are ineffective for bringing change to the country. However in Canada, â€Å"Since 1921, we have had 29 elections, and 13 have resulted in minority governments.† (Why a Minority Government is a Win for Canadians, 2015) These governments haveShow MoreRelatedDemocracy Is The Worst Form Of Government1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is democracy? Democracy a form of government in which the people freely elect representatives to govern them in a country, democracy guarantees free and fair elections, basic personal and political rights and independent court of law. There are two types of democracy, direct and indirect democracy. 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DecisionsRead MoreEssay On Voter ID Laws1074 Words   |  5 Pagesprotection for blacks and the 15th amendment prohibits federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Some are saying that voter ID laws are the modern equivalent of a poll tax and are used as an attempt to restrict voting by minorities, the poor and young people. These laws are leading to less participation by the people and also lowering minority turnout, which is benefiting the republican party. It is said that SenateRead MoreVoting The Voting Rights Act1446 Words   |  6 Pages To Begin, Party in the electorate, or PIE, refers to the eligible voting population. The composition of the party in the electorate can help and hurt the candidates running for office, as the electorate can vote candidates either in or out of office. Over the course of American government, the most recent changes and influences to the electorate include the passage of the Voting Rights Act, as well as the recent Supreme Court decision in Shelby County v. Holder. For example, the video Fight forRead MoreWinston Churchill Said That Democracy Was Not Perfect but That It Was the Best Political System Available. Was He Right?1311 Words   |  6 Pagesviewed as being a government of the people, for the people, by the people†2. Democracy is often seen as a Western invention, but has now spread across to countries all across the globe, and is seen as the most advanced and fair political ruling system to date. I will be assessing whether or not democracy is the best possible political system, where its faults lie and where it can improve. Democracy, by far, is viewed as being a much more equal, reliable and honest form of government organisation, to

Importance of Ego Free Essays

The Importance of Ego In the novella Anthem by Any Rand, the last two chapters play an important part in bringing together the text as a whole. The narrator transitions from third to first person narration after his escape from the dismal â€Å"utopian† society. Prometheus, the aforementioned narrator, recounts the history of man and his struggle to overcome oppression by greater forces and authoritarian figures. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Ego or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author chooses to repeat symbols and words of individuality and the benefits of singular work. Any Rand uses her novella Anthem to promote the importance of individuality in all aspects of life. In her early life, the author, Any Rand, was exposed to brutal oppression and collectivist thinking. Any Rand, born â€Å"in SST. Petersburg, Russia in 1905† soon before the communist revolution occurred in 1917. Growing up she detested the institution she lived under, so she immigrated to America in 1926. Any Rand was educated in the USSR which gave her an upper hand that other American novelists didn’t have. She had first-hand experience with communism which drove her to oppose It entirely. According to Rand, â€Å"no outside power has the right to demand† anything from an Individual or the work they can produce. In her lifetime, Rand wrote Atlas Shrugged, We the Living, the Fountainhead, and Anthem. Among other less popular works by the end of her writing career. These fictional books advocate Individualism and bravery in a despotic society. Any Rand died in New York City, NY in 1982, leaving behind her a legacy which fueled more complex and innovative thinking in future generations of readers and philosophers. The style of Any Rand’s writing impacted the world of literature from the beginning. She â€Å"[defied] cultural and political trends† and â€Å"established a unique place† among fellow authors. According to Danna, â€Å"[Any Rand’s] mind was utterly first handed† which proved to be very successful. Although at first she was misunderstood and deemed â€Å"immature† in a psychological sense, Any Rand became a reputable author through explanation of her philosophy: Objectivism. According to Stephen Cox, â€Å"Rand could not find a philosophy that reflected her beliefs† so she created a new philosophy entirely. The success of Objectivism was long lived by Any Rand thanks to her persistence and unconditional belief in the individual mind. Her â€Å"[works are] a protest to individual submission† and they â€Å"reject distinction† just as the Objectivism theory does. This is why in her works she focuses â€Å"inside the head† of the narrator rather than the importance of a solid plot. The psychological aspect of her philosophy is seen especially in Anthem where the mind of one man has been destroyed by the foundation which raised him. In Anthem there is no sense of religion, either, which was Any Rand’s purpose In all of her novels. According personally to Any Rand, â€Å"religion Is nothing but a brutal attempt to subjugate the Individual mind† and individual goals each man should achieve. Objectivism Is solely a belief In one’s own self. There Is no delve power or authoritarian force that can sway a person’s decisions or thoughts to work for or against others. Individual power Is higher than corruption and collectivist ideology. Electives ideologists. In Anthem there is no distinct malevolent force, but citizens who have different hardwiring in their minds than Prometheus does. There is no villain, only â€Å"good against good-different† since villains are deemed irrelevant. For objectivism, it is more important to focus on the protagonist and their inner struggles ether than the community and how an antagonist may impair them. One of the most important aspects of Anthem is its connection to the younger audience. Prometheus is a young adult trying to find his place in a society where he does not fit. According to Karen Gould ‘any young adult would benefit from Promethium’s struggle with identity because it is so easily relatable to them. Anthem, being one of â€Å"Rand’s simplest novels†, explains objectivism using â€Å"inner psychological states† which is a both practical and pleasing style of writing for any reader interested in studying Objectivism works. Effortlessly, Anthem brings together both a pleasing plot packed with Objectivism morals and ideas. The novel brings â€Å"the kind of intensity’ a reader would think â€Å"could [change] the course of history’: exactly what Any Rand imagined her work to do. The protagonists â€Å"never give up† their beliefs and â€Å"assert their†¦ Stubborn views† on their world. These morals are synonymous with the ideas of objectivism: to never give up an individual thought, or decision because of outside forces. Anthem promotes â€Å"outstanding moral character† and individuality simply and with intensity, not to bore young readers, but to draw them towards eating more complex objectivism works, such as the Fountainhead. Unlike many novels of the time, Any Rand chose to create an inner struggle for Prometheus to battle throughout the novel. The beginning shows his unwillingness to think other than â€Å"the individual cannot exist apart from the collective† society, regardless of his sinful thoughts. With each chapter a new part of individualism is revealed to Prometheus, but it is up to him to fit the pieces together. The â€Å"evil† that he is doing â€Å"does not bring him a†¦ Punishment† rather a â€Å"psychological reward† for thinking as a singular person. Closing out the book, Prometheus fully understands that â€Å"ego is†¦ A cause of splendor† for man. The last two chapters of the novel represent the anthem of people Just like Prometheus and Gaga. Each paragraph can be read as a hymn or chant of people who believe in the individual mind, the people of Objectivism. Prometheus reflects on the history of man being â€Å"enslaved by the gods† and â€Å"enslaved by other men† and how detrimental this was to the ego of man. In his lifetime, the authority oppressed his society, and completely erased any evidence of first person. The summary of the wow-chapter anthem is that the only freedom left for men is taken away only by other men’ and each person has the ability to create the life they want, no superior being can control the fate of a person. Unlike the aforementioned critics, it can be speculated that Any Rand used religious symbols and illusions to make fun of religion as a whole. Ego is â€Å"[the] god that will grant [men] JOY’ and Prometheus and Gaga are very similar to the biblical Adam and Eve. The use of gods and religious symbols in this book further supports Objectivism ideas. To worship the ‘Ego god’ is to worship oneself. There is no god to worship but the power inside oneself. Many critics believe that because Any Rand was atheist, that the religious symbols in her books happened by mistake, or were In reality and in fiction, Any Rand was a strong believer in the individualist mind and the power of one. Compiling her complex background, the breakthrough philosophy of objectivism, and lack of religious beliefs, each of Rand’s novels proclaim the values and ideas of objectivism starting with the most basic Anthem. Even after her death, Any Rand still makes a very large impact on modern society and advanced philosophy today. How to cite Importance of Ego, Papers

IEEE Communications Surveys And tutorials â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Negative Consequences Associated With Cloud Computing? How Business Can Gain Benefits From Cloud Computing? Answers: Introducation Cloud computing is an internet based networking operation wherein firms computer develops different type of storage and management processes (White, 2010). In order words, it can be said that cloud computing is a very new and evolving term in the information technology management. It helps companies in maintaining different IT devices for data storage purpose (Jula, Sundararajan and Othman, 2014). It helps in minimizing the IT infrastructure cost of the company. However, the mentioned technology demands investment in terms of cost from companies. In the current study, in-depth analysis will be undertaken about different concepts of as cloud computing. Furthermore, focus on information about benefits and drawbacks of using cloud computing in business will also be evaluated. The research will reflect significant details about the research tools and techniques used to attain the formulated research objectives. Project Objectivs Research aim and objective are the crucial aspect of research analysis. These lead researchers towards the right direction and helps in analyzing the research subject in a clear and well defined manner (Dinh, Lee, Niyato and Wang, 2013). Furthermore, the mentioned tools also assist in resolving the research problem in an effective manner. In accordance with the given context, aim and objectives of current study are presented below: The main aim of current study is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing for the business. Research objectives On the basis of above mentioned aim following objectives are framed: To explore the concept of cloud computing. To identify the benefits of cloud computing for business units. To examine the shortcomings associated with cloud computing. Project Scope Cloud computing is a new and significant concept for businesses. The study which is being conducted has a very wide scope. It will help the in investigating and analyzing a well defined means of information for businesses people related with advantages and disadvantages of the concept of cloud computing. This information would assist business in making decision whether it is effective for them to install cloud computing services in their business operation or not (Hashem and et.al., 2015). The information may also help companies in evaluating investment related decisions for the businesses. In addition to this, details about the latest trends which are happening in the field of cloud computing. Thus, these all given things will assist researcher towards right direction. This helps in attaining aim and objectives of current study in an effective manner. Literature Review In the given section, studies which are being conducted by some other scholars will be analyzed. Thus, in accordance with the given context assistance will be taken from number of secondary resources such as books, journals and online articles etc. Concept of cloud computing According to Rittinghouse and Ransome (2016) cloud computing is the practice of using remote server network rather than local server network to store, manage and process data using internet. Fernando, Loke and Rahayu (2013) stated that cloud computing is majorly a general term used for delivering the hosted services over internet in an effectual way. This concept allows companies to consume number of compute resources such as storage, applications and virtual machine etc. Thus, it the mentioned technology help businesses in reducing cost of maintaining IT infrastructure in an effectual way. However, it has been critically evaluated by the Arora, Parashar and Transforming (2013) that cloud computing being a new technology in the market is costly in terms of investment. Companies need to invest to get access to the technology. In addition the training and maintenance cost may increase expenditure for the business for a short time frame. Moreover the standards that are used to connect c omputer software and system should be defined properly. There are many companies at present which make use of their own cloud computing services for their business operation. Current trends in cloud computing The concept such as cloud computing has evolved over the time. In this regard, Almorsy, Grundy and Mller (2016) has stated that server less computing is being considered as one of a most prominent trend in cloud computing. This saves infrastructural and operational cost of enterprise which generally increases when manager have to install many servers for its business operation. In addition to this, Sanaei, Abolfazli, Gani and Buyya (2014) analyzed that cloud monitoring is another trend in cloud computing services. This concept basically monitors different resources on cloud infrastructure. Effective monitoring and control of the mentioned aspect helps in minimizing problems and issues which may occur in the future. Thus, by taking significant action towards the same effectiveness of the cloud infrastructure can be maintained in an effectual way. Advantages of cloud computing Cloud computing is a new and latest technology which help businesses in expanding their storage and data management capacity. The internet based solution help companies in creating a significant impact on business growth and development. Following are the advantages related with cloud computing: Helps in saving cost of business: According to Wei and et.al., (2014) cloud computing has benefit in its cost saving approach. In this context, it has been seen that earlier with an aim to store large data of the business, manager make use of different servers. Thus, due to this firms will have to bear different type of infrastructure cost in the form of power, air conditioner and specific room for server etc. Cloud computing saves all these cost of enterprise and thus it allows managers with regard to invest these saved money for some other useful business operations. Reliability: Erl, Cope and Naserpour (2015) stated that cloud computing is more reliable than in-house IT infrastructure. This is because, it possess massive pool of reluctant IT resources. Furthermore, in the circumstance of server failure respective service quickly transfer the data of company to some other servers. Saves times: It is regarded as one of the most important feature of cloud computing. Here, all the work of maintaining the server as well as data of enterprise is managed by service provider. Thus, it helps in provides an effective time saving prospect for the management which in turn enhance the organizational capacity and performance. The time which manager saves can be used for some other useful purpose. Furthermore, through this way company can attain strategic edge in market. This leads to enterprises in the form of increased profits and sales in an effectual way. Disadvantage of cloud computing Each and every thing has both negative and positive aspect. Thus, cloud computing is not an exception. In this context, following are the disadvantages associated with cloud computing: Heavy reliance on internet: As per the view point of Hashem and et.al., (2015) in order to work on cloud computing it is required by the manager that they should possess a very good and fast internet connection. The dependence of the technology on internet connectivity makes it volatile as loss of connection may affect the business performance directly. This is because, in case if firm have poor internet connectivity at that time it will became very difficult for them with regard to access the data of firm stored on cloud. Security: Garg, Versteeg and Buyya (2013) have revealed that security is being regarded as one of the most major issue which is associated with cloud computing. In this context, it has been found out from the previous studies that cloud service provider marketing significant effort for securing the data of its client over internet. But, still company cannot judge the actions of other person. Limited control of customers: Here, the only thing which customer can do is to get data from the cloud server. Thus, all the things such as cloud infrastructure monitoring and management are being done by service provider only (Woodside, 2015). Thus, due to the presence of all these given limitations ineffectiveness of cloud computing services occurred. Research Question/Hypothesis After framing research objectives, it is very essential for the scholar that it should frame the question of its study appropriately and effectively. Research questions helps in specifying the research issues and develop structured aspect to seek reliable solutions for the mentioned issues. In this context, primary research question for the current study is as follow: Is cloud computing is beneficial for the business? HO: Cloud computing is not beneficial for business H1: Cloud computing is beneficial for business. With an aim to attain above mentioned primary question, following secondary questions are framed Research Design And Methodology In this section, information about research tools and techniques will be given which researcher of current study will use in order to reach on to an effective conclusion. Research design: It gives description about the overall tactic which researcher uses with an aim to define its research problem effectively. The current study is qualitative in nature. Furthermore, in the current study descriptive research design approach has been followed. This is because, here researcher want to conduct in-depth study upon the given topics (Wei and et.al., 2014). Sampling: For the researcher it is not feasible to conduct the study upon whole of its population. Cloud computing technology has been adopted by many organizations on mall and large scale. As the population is wide, hence reaching every element of the population is not possible. In accordance with the given context, it is examined that there are many companies which offer cloud computing services. Thus, among all 2 major companies will be taken into consideration for present study and these are Google and Microsoft. Designing: The process of the current study has been designed as per qualitative methods in which secondary data collection method has been taken into consideration (Fernando, Loke and Rahayu, 2013). In this regard, the data collected will be examined through thematic approach wherein number of themes will be prepared as per research objective. Data collection process: For the current study, data will be majorly collected through secondary sources. The secondary data will be collected through online articles, books and journals etc. Furthermore, snow ball sampling method will be taken into consideration to attain a significant and reliable data for the mentioned issue. It will help the researcher in attaining accurate and latest data for the study. Reliability and validity: In order to ensure validity of the collected data through online sources effort will be taken by scholar with regard to collect online information through copy write sources (Kasemsap, 2015). Similarly, reliability ensures that research give consistent result over the period of time. By giving consideration to these two major aspects quality of conducted study can be enhanced. Research Limitation: Time and money are the main limitation associated with respective study. This is because if sufficient time would be given at that time more in-depth detail in relation to the cloud computing will be gathered by the scholar. Research Plan The plan is presented through Gantt chart Task 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5 week 6 week Framing the background of the study Aim and objectives Literature review Research methodology Analysis of data Conclusion Final submission of report Making changes in study as per feedback Conclusion Cloud computing is a very new and evolving term in the information technology environment. It helps in minimizing the IT infrastructure cost of the company. However, the cost of companies will be increases when they will have to maintain different IT devices for data storage purpose. The overall evaluation reflected that cloud computation is one of the technically advanced aspects in the modern era. It helps companies to enhance the capability and efficiency in managing business operations. Articulating all the facts from the report, it can be stated that for the researcher it is very essential that it should choose its research methods appropriately and wisely. This is because if this is not done then impact of the same will be seen on the final result of the study. References Almorsy, M., Grundy, J. and Mller, I., 2016. An analysis of the cloud computing security problem. operations preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Arora, R., Parashar, A. and Transforming, C.C.I., 2013. Secure user data in cloud computing using encryption algorithms.International journal of engineering research and applications,3(4), pp.1922-1926. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Erl, T., Cope, R. and Naserpour, A., 2015.Cloud computing design patterns. Prentice Hall Press. Fernando, N., Loke, S.W. and Rahayu, W., 2013. Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future generation computer systems,29(1), pp.84-106. Fernando, N., Loke, S.W. and Rahayu, W., 2013. Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future generation computer systems,29(1), pp.84-106. Garg, S.K., Versteeg, S. and Buyya, R., 2013. A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), pp.1012-1023. Hashem, I.A.T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N.B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A. and Khan, S.U., 2015. The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, pp.98-115. Jula, A., Sundararajan, E. and Othman, Z., 2014. Cloud computing service composition: A systematic literature review.Expert Systems with Applications,41(8), pp.3809-3824. Kasemsap, K., 2015. The role of cloud computing in global supply chain. InEnterprise management strategies in the era of cloud computing(pp. 192-219). IGI Global. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Sanaei, Z., Abolfazli, S., Gani, A. and Buyya, R., 2014. Heterogeneity in mobile cloud computing: taxonomy and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), pp.369-392. Wei, L., Zhu, H., Cao, Z., Dong, X., Jia, W., Chen, Y. and Vasilakos, A.V., 2014. Security and privacy for storage and computation in cloud computing.Information Sciences,258, pp.371-386. White, R., 2010. Cloud computing: advantages and disadvantages.Internet source. Woodside, J.M., 2015. Advances in Information, Security, Privacy Ethics: Use of Cloud Computing For Education. InHandbook of Research on Security Considerations in Cloud Computing(pp. 173-183). IGI Global.

An interview is the opportunity to organize your future and develop your carrier, so take your preparation for it very serious and do not miss the following things.

An interview is the opportunity to organize your future and develop your carrier, so take your preparation for it very serious and do not miss the following things. Score twice before you cut once on interview Searching for a job or just preparing for the after-graduating period? That’s wonderful you turned to set your attention at this writing. If you are only starting your new carrier, there should be some tips and secrets that you are to be aware of to avoid failure. No matter even if you’re not sure this is the very job role, train your behavior during the interlocution, which will definitely bring you the required success. Of course, we do not suggest or motivate you to lie. We just want to pay your attention to that fact that alternative representation of the information makes a difference. Thus, you should show your interest and emphasize all the possible positive aspects. So you are in your final year and occupied with writing your thesis or any other pre-graduating activities. And as it often occurs, you have not worked anywhere yet. The way you answer to the item concerning professional experience can be: â€Å"I have none† and that is one step to failure. More effective variant will be: â€Å"I have none, since I devoted all my time to study. But now I possess sufficient theoretical background and am eager to implement what I know, develop my skills and grow in respect of professional attitude.† Tell us about yourself This question is often to happen during any interview. It seems to be very easy with no pitfalls, but this question should not be underestimated. Do not retell the details of your resume, or other things that your interviewer already has at his or her disposal. It makes no use for you. Giving the respond to these words, convince the person you are talking to that you deserve to take this job position. Mention your personal qualities or appropriate experience that will definitely be required for this job. While preparing to interview, think over a couple of your achievements that show all your best features and can attract the attention of the employer. How did you find out about us? Seems to be a question with no traps? It's not all that simple. The resources investigating which you got to know about position can show your kind of personality and what intentions you have. Thus, in case you send resumes without the purpose concerning the job you strive to obtain, that won’t be appreciated in the interview. In case you discovered on one of the job search sites, look through the important info in regard to the company and mention that you follow the activities of the firm and concern yourself with this stream of business. If you learned about the job role here by your friend, who works at the company, it is even better to mention, since it is like some kind of recommendation for you. Why exactly you should be hired for this position? Within the interview you can be asked questions of the following sort, â€Å"Why do we need to hire you?† or â€Å"What distinguishes you among other candidates?†. Do not lose your courage by hearing this. Such questions grant you one yet another chance to show your interest and passionate desire to work exactly at this company. You can also one more time mention about your best skills, which will be very suitable for this position. Do not speak words of praise concerning you and your skills, just give reasonable but positive assessment of your knowledge, experience and abilities. Show your motivation and willingness to work and gain best results. What are your salary expectations? This is the distinctive part of the interview, for which you should also prepare, since the financial aspect is of great importance and you cannot make a slip. Before interview make a little investigation to find out the average salary rate within this sphere. Search on the sites like Payscale or Glassdoor, there you can get the required information. Orientate on these numbers and announce a bit higher salary. In such a way you will show that you appreciate your skills and deserve an appropriate reward. At the same time you can demonstrate your desire and pliancy to discuss details in order to get the position. Do not treat these advices unserious when getting ready for an interview. Think what you say and receive the best job. Good luck!

How far does Mary Shelley portray Frankensteins creation as human Essays

How far does Mary Shelley portray Frankensteins creation as human Essays How far does Mary Shelley portray Frankensteins creation as human Essay How far does Mary Shelley portray Frankensteins creation as human Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley in 1831 when she was only eighteen. Frankenstein is a gothic horror story and was written to entertain and scare the readers of the time. People in the 1800s were very religious, they believed in heaven and hell and more importantly angels and demons. Frankenstein concentrates on the making of man, and gives reason to believe that human beings can be created through scientific experiments. This was thought to be blasphemy in the 1800s, as it is playing the role of God, which was ethically wrong. However, in todays society, such a scientific experiment would make people curious and people would probably encourage the idea of scientists creating human life. The novel is written in the form of letters from an explorer named Captain Walton (who is on a voyage in the North Pacific Ocean, hoping to discover unfound land) to his sister.A scientist named Victor Frankenstein originally wanted to create a human life form, because he was grieving from th e tragic and shocking death of his mother, who died from giving birth to Frankensteins younger brother William. However, whilst studying at a university in Ingolstadt, Germany Frankensteins reasons for creating life changed and he then wanted to create life to prove his teachers wrong (as they thought and believed that it would be impossible as well as insensitive/crude to create a human being.)Victor Frankensteins creation was constructed on A dreary night of November, where The rain pattered dismally against the panes and my candle was nearly burnt out. This gives the reader an image of a stormy rain drenched night with Frankenstein working alone in an enclosed laboratory where no one could see or hear him. It gives a feeling that is almost frightening and we now know that something horrific and tragic was about to happen. The feeling of euphoria that Frankenstein had envisaged about creating a human being was about to be shattered. He even describes it as a catastrophe. We know t hat Frankensteins original plan was to create human life, however once the monster had been created, this idea suddenly changed and the reality of this catastrophe struck Frankenstein,The beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. This shows that at the very beginning of the experiment, Frankenstein had a perfect image of what was about to be made, although because Frankenstein had not thought his plans through thoroughly, his dreams were shattered, and he describes his final creation as a Demon. This gives reference to the bible as it is a biblical term so Mary Shelley has constructed the narrative in order to; first portray the creation from Frankensteins perspective. This influences the readers perception of the creation, because the narrative is biased and the reader can only judge on Frankensteins point of view, therefore the creation appears as inhuman.Once the demon has been created, it runs away, because it is probably just as scared as Frankenstein. The doctor instantly assumes it will die, as it does not understand how to survive on its own. However, after the murder of Frankensteins younger brother William, he realises that he has underestimated the creation, and agrees to meet the in the Alps. It is here that the reader is offered the creations point of view. The says I expected this reception. This shows the reader that the demon is now thinking like a human and has human feelings; this portrays the monster as human. However, we have to remember that the creation has also murdered William and framed an innocent named Justine for the murder. Although this is morally wrong it is also human behaviour.The creation then goes on to explain how it developed and educated itself after running away from Ingolstadt. The reader now knows that the creation was born with human instincts which developed into knowledge and understanding of human nature. I had covered myself with some clothes I found a fireand was overcome wi th the warmth I experienced from it, this suggests that the creation was acting like a human being, fulfilling his human needs to survive.We later learn that the creations attitude changes my feelings are those of rage and revenge. I could with pleasure have destroyed the cottage and its inhabitants, and have glutted myself with their shrieks and misery. The creature describes his rage and then goes on to express his feelings by setting fire to the cottage in the woods and razing it to the ground. Furthermore, the monster seeks revenge on Frankenstein by murdering the doctors younger brother and framing it on Justine. This influences the readers opinion, because the reader realises that the creation has feelings, and he feels neglected by a family that he has begun to love. He blames Frankenstein for abandoning him and so, seeks revenge by performing horrific acts, and the creation now appears as inhuman and a monster, because he is no longer gentle and kind.The creation demands tha t Frankenstein makes him a female companion. He observed and learnt how much the family in the woods loved and cared for each other. He therefore feels unloved and rejected by everyone everyone when this same family also neglect him. The creation is full of contradictions here, he wants to love someone and be loved in return, by this the reader pities the creation, although we later learn that he murders the innocent and this cannot be accepted.At first, Frankenstein agrees to construct a companion, but then hoes back on his word. The monster then proceeds to murder Frankensteins wife and more than sister, Elizabeth. The doctor travels through the Alps searching for the demon, and on his travels he comes across Captain Waltons Ship, where he later dies. However, the monster also finds Captain Walton. The Captain is also shocked when the creation first approaches him; Wretch puts emphasis on how ugly and inhuman the monster must be.The creation attempts to justify his actions to Walt er in the final chapter:- The fallen angel becomes a malignant devil, this tells us that the creation was trying to be good by learning from other peoples actions, however when he was neglected by the family in the woods he felt like he had nobody to turn to for love and affection, and nobody taught him how to deal with his emotions, therefore he turns into a monster.Mary Shelley gives the creation a lot of human characteristics, therefore making him human. However, the creation has not learnt how to cope with his emotions, so he murders people to get revenge on Frankenstein; I think this makes the monster appear as mainly inhuman, because such actions cannot be justified and only a monster would take another persons life. The creation then claims that he will leave and kill himself so the whole situation can come to an end. Mary Shelley uses this ending, because it is dramatic and she wants it to end in a catastrophe, also maybe killing the monster is the only way that the story ca n end.

BIOMETRICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BIOMETRICS - Essay Example Biometric technology is an effort to diagnose the problems and fill some of the loopholes in the security setup. As of now it is being said that it’ll be almost impossible to change the biometric features of human body, which in turn will help the security people to prepare a reliable database and identify the people with criminal background. Biometrics is one of the latest applications of IT and helps us in many different cumbersome tasks in an effective manner. The term biometrics has been used since the 20th century. Biometrics refers to the field of development of mathematical methods which are applied in data analysis of problems in biological sciences. The term biometrics has been widely used in two aspects, characteristics and processes. Automated recognition for an individual requires the measurement of certain biological/behavioral characteristics of them. This is where the term â€Å"biometrics† discusses characteristics. The second is biometrics as a process, where it refers to automated methods which are used to identify individuals based on their different measurable characteristics and behaviors (as said above). Before we study different biometric systems and their implications, it is important to know the structure of a biometric system. A typical biometric system comprises of the following five integrated components: 2. The signals read through these sensors are processes through â€Å"signal processing algorithms†. These algorithms perform quality control activities on the data that has been collected through the sensors. â€Å"Biometric identification sounded like a way to prevent unauthorized users from accessing company property or info. But you may be surprised to learn how businesses are actually using the technology.† (Stuart, 2007) Biometrics has a wide variety of applications. One of the most notable one existing today is â€Å"identification† of individuals/beings. Biometric

Vodafone's Indonesian Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vodafone's Indonesian Expansion - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the MPR consists of two houses the People’s Representative Council (DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (DPD). The DPR is the law making body. The republic of Indonesia largely functions like the government of US with the President holding all executive powers. The 33 provinces have the right to make their own laws within the constitution and since 2001 have been granted greater autonomy in their affairs. Five of them have special rights for such enacting their own independent laws. They are Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua. Aceh province has promulgated the Islamic Shariah Law. Jakarta is the capital and the five largest cities are Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan and Semarang. Indonesia’s GDP for 2007 is UD$ 408 Billion and the estimated per capita income is UD$ 1,812. It has a large service sector comprising about 45% of the economy. The industrial sector is a close second at about 45%. The rest is agricultur al. Employment is however highest in the agricultural sector at about 44% of the total 95 million working population. The total population is about 206 million. The services sector employs 36% and the industries employ only about 19% population. Among the major industries are petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel and mining.

Electroencephalogram Test on Alcoholics and Non Alcoholics

Electroencephalogram Test on Alcoholics and Non Alcoholics INTRODUCTION The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a measurement of the electrical activity in the patients brain. This electrical activity is produced by the firing of neurons (a nerve cell) within the brain and varies from patient to patient. In 1875, English physician Richard Caton discovered the presence of electrical activity in the brain; however, it was not until German neurologist Han Berger in 1924 used his ordinary radio equipment to amplify the brains electrical activity so he could record it on paper. He noticed that rhythmic changes in brain waves varied with the individuals state of consciousness (sleep, anesthesia, epilepsy) and that various regions of the brain do not emit the same brain wave frequency simultaneously. (http://www.bio-medical.com). The EEG was given its name by Berger who used the German term elektrenkephalogramm to describe the graphical representation of the electrical currents generated in the brain. The scientific community of Bergers time did not believe the concl usions he made and it took another five years until his conclusions could be verified through experimentation by Edgar Douglas Adrian and B.C.H Matthews. These experiments made head-waves and other scientists began studying the field and in 1936 W. Gray Walter demonstrated that this technology could be used to pinpoint a brain tumor. He used a large number of small electrodes that he pasted to the scalp and found that brain tumors caused areas of abnormal electrical activity. (Romanowski 1999) and http://www.ebme.co.uk. The brain is the central part of the nervous system, which is the most complicated system in the body. It is an intriguing organ that has been studied right from the time of brain development in the fetus. The human brain weighs about 1.5kg in adults. The cerebrum, which forms the bulk of the brain, is divided into two hemispheres, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. Each hemisphere of the brain interacts with one half of the body, but for unknown reasons, it is the right side that controls the left half of the body and the left half of the brain that controls the right half of the body. However, in most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is involved in language and creativeness, while the right side of the brain is more involved in understanding and judgment. The cerebrum, which is located in the forebrain, is the largest part of the human brain and is associated with higher brain functions such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections called lobes. These include: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with movement, orientation, recognition and perception of stimuli. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing and the temporal lobe is associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech. (Khan 2009). Over the years with advancements in technology EEG electrodes, amplifiers and output devices were improved and scientists learned the best places to put the electrodes and how to diagnose its conditions. They also discovered how to create electrical maps to produce an image of the brains surface and today EEG machines have multiple channels, computer storage memories and specialized software that can create an electrical map of the brain. (Romanowski 1999). EEG has come a long way since its inception more than 100 years ago and it is used primarily in studying the properties of cerebral and neural networks in neurosciences (Michel et al. 2004). It is used to monitor the neurodevelopment and sleep patterns of infants in the intensive care unit and ultimately enable physicians to use the information to improve daily medical care (Scher 2004). The emergence of neurofeedback or EEG biofeedback has expanded the application of EEG for both cases with particular disorders or among healthy p articipants. EEG frequencies in neurofeedback can be controlled to influence certain cognitive performance and memory task, (Vernon et al. 2003). Interactive Brainwave Visual Analyzer (IBVA) is a form of biofeedback for the brain (neurofeedback). Its a training process of using technology to provide you with more information about what your body is doing than your ordinary senses provide. This feedback helps you learn to use your mind to develop greater control over your body, or, in the case of neurofeedback, your brain. IBVA detects brainwaves phasing at speeds measured in units of Hz for cycles per second between 0 and 60 Hz. It is used for sleep state and hypnosis analysis, image programming for sports training, super learning (photo reading) and for study. EEG biofeedback is effective in treating psychological disorders such as attention deficit, depression, chronic anxiety disorder, chronic alcoholics and neurological disorders like epilepsy. Patients with epilepsy that cannot be controlled by medication will often have surgery in order to remove the damaged tissue. The EEG plays an important role in localizing this tissue. Special electrodes can be inserted through the cortex or alternatively a grid of electrodes placed directly on the surface of the cortex. These recordings, often called Long Term Monitoring for Epilepsy (LTME), can be carried out for periods ranging from 24 hours to 1 week. The EEG recorded will indicate which areas of the brain should be surgically removed. (Smith n.d). Another important application of the EEG is used by anesthesiologist to monitor the depth of anesthesia. EEG measures taken during anesthesia exhibit stereotypic changes as anesthetic depth increases. These changes include complex patterns of loss of consciousness occurs (loss of responses to verbal commands and/or loss of righting reflex). As anesthetic depth increases from light surgical levels to deep anesthesia, the EEG exhibits disrupted rhythmic waveforms, high amplitude burst suppression activity, and finally, very low amplitude isoelectric or flat line activity. Quantitative EEG (QEEG) has come a long way in its relatively short life in terms of use in clinical practice. Now, as clinicians become aware of the scientific basis and power of using parametrically based measures of QEEG to assess an individual against age-matched populations, they find new ways to employ this technique. There are literally thousands of univariate electrophysiological measures that can be derived, transformed and normed into Z-scores (standard scores), to be used to indicate degrees of derivations from normal. QEEG offers a powerful application tool as a method for providing convergent evidence in the identification of clinical syndromes for individuals. Over the years, various clinicians using QEEG have attempted to establish brain maps to correspond with specific disorders such as learning disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), chronic alcoholism and depression. While certain features may be associated with general types of impairments, the utilization of univariate sets of features have, to date, been unable to provide defining specific psychiatric disorders. Looking at only the univariate features without recognizing the full space of all deviant measures, one may not realize the particular cluster of measure that may contribute to specific disorders with distinct features. Multivariate statistical measurement sets encompass the space of regions by measurement, yielding distinctive complex patterns which yield greater sensitivity in discriminability. (Budzynski, Evans and Abarbanel 2008). The basic systems of an EEG machine include data collection, storage and display. The components of these systems include electrodes, connecting wires, a computer control module and a display device. The electrodes used can be either surface or needle electrodes. Needle electrodes provide greater signal clarity because they are injected directly into the body and this in turn eliminates signal muffling caused by the skin. Surface electrodes on the other hand are disposable models such as the tab, ring and bar electrodes as well as reusable disc and finger electrodes. These electrodes may also be combined into an electrode cap that is placed directly on the head (Romanowski 2002). EEG amplifiers convert weak signals from the brain into a more discernable signal for the output device. An amplifier may be set up as follows; a pair of electrodes detects the electrical signal from the body, wires connected to the electrodes transfer the signal to the first section of the amplifier (buffer amplifier). Here the signal is electronically stabilized and amplified by a factor of 5 10 and then next in line is a differential pre-amplifier that filters and amplifies the signal by a factor of 10 – 100. After passing through these amplifiers the signals are multiplied by hundreds or thousands of times. Multiple electrodes are used since the brain produces different signals at different points on the skull and the number of channels that an EEG machine has is related to the number of electrodes used. The amplifier is able to translate the different incoming signals and cancel out ones that are identical; this means that the output from the machine is actually the diff erence in electrical activity picked up by the two electrodes. This therefore means that the placement for each electrode is critical because the closer they are to each other the less differences in brainwaves will be recorded (Romanowski 2002). EEG SYSTEM LAYOUT (www.medicalengineer.com) Recording of the electrical activity in the brain takes place over a short period of time from where information is obtained from electrodes stationed at specific points on the patients head. Electrodes are placed on the scalp of the head usually after preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to dead skin cells. In order for the placement of these electrodes to be consistent throughout an internationally recognized method called the 10-20 System is followed. The 10 and the 20 gives the actual distances between adjacent electrodes. This distance can either be 10% or 20% of the total front-back or right-left distance of the skull, i.e. the nasion – inion and preauricular points respectively, http://www.neurocarelaunches.com. Specific measurements from bony landmarks (inion, nasion and preauricular point) are used to generate a system of lines, which run across the head and intersect at intervals of 10% or 20% of their total length as mentioned above. Th e standard set of electrodes consists of 21 recording electrodes and one ground electrode. The distance between the nasion and inion is measured along the midline and the frontopolar point, Fpz, is marked at 10% above the nasion. Frontal (Fz), central (Cz), parietal (Pz) and occipital (Oz) points are marked at intervals of 20% of the entire distance, leaving 10% for the interval between Oz and inion (see Diagram 1). The midline points Fpz and Oz routinely do not receive any electrode. The distance between two preauricular points across Cz is measured. Along this line, the transverse position for the central points C3 and C4 and the temporal points T3 and T4 are marked 20% and 40% respectively from the midline (see Diagram 2). The circumference of the head is measured form the occipital point (Oz) through temporal points T3 and T4 and the frontopolar point (Fpz). The longitudinal measurement for Fp1 is located on that circumference, 5% of the total length of the circumference to the left of Fpz. The longitudinal measurements for F7, T3, T5, O1, O2, T6, T4, F8 and Fp2 are at the distance of 10% of the circumference (see Diagram 3). An electrode is then placed on each of the two ear lobes. (Jasper 1958) and (Jasper 1983). In order for the EEG test to be a success and the best possible results obtained the preparation the patient must undergo is very basic since only a good night sleep before the test is needed along with a grease-free head on the morning of the test. However, it can get more technical should the patient be taking any medication and information on this medication must be passed on to the doctor. An EEG test may be done in a hospital or in a doctors office by an EEG technologist. Using the internationally recognized 10-20 system, the electrodes are placed on the patients head and the technologist can then put the patient through a variety of different tasks such as addition/subtraction of numbers, breathing deeply and rapidly or he can ask the person to wear a goggles sending out a strobe (bright flashing light). These tasks take place normally at 15-20 second durations with 30 second breaks in between. The electrodes attached to the patients head are connected by wires to a computer wh ich records the electrical activity in the brain. An EEG test can last between 1-2 hours and the results obtained from it can be read by a certified doctor known as a Neurologist. The results of an EEG test are in the form of waveforms which gives vital information about the patient. Waves can either be Alpha waves (frequency of 8 to 12 cycles per second), Beta waves (frequency of 14 to 50 cycles per second), Delta waves (frequency less than 5 cycles per second) or Theta waves (frequency of 4 to 7 cycles per second). Basic alpha waves, which originate in the cortex, can be recorded if the patient closes his eyes and put his brain at rest as much as possible. Beta activity is a normal activity present when the eyes are open or closed. It tends to be seen in the channels recorded from the centre or front of the head. Some drugs however, tend to increase the amount of beta activity in the EEG. Theta activity can be classified as both a normal and abnormal activity depending on the age and state of the patient. In adults it is normal if the patient is drowsy. However, it can also indicate brain dysfunction if it is seen in a patient who is alert and awake. In youn ger patients, theta activity may be the main activity seen in channels recorded from the back and central areas of the head. Delta activity is only normal in an adult patient if they are in a moderate to deep sleep. If it is seen at any other time it would indicate brain dysfunction. Abnormal activity may be seen in all or some channels depending on the underlying brain problem. The stroke or blow on the head. (Niedermeyer, Ernest and Lopes da Silva 2004). ALPHA WAVES BETA WAVES THETA WAVES DELTA WAVES (http://www.electropsychology.com) Each type of wave mentioned above gives us information about the patient, for example in a normal patient we tend to observe mainly alpha or beta waves since both sides of the brain show similar patterns of electrical activity. A normal person in this case is described as one who doesnt possess any of the following diseases or injuries; head injury, neurological disease, convulsions, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, memory difficulties, confusion, depression, delusions/hallucinations and learning disabilities. If the patient is abnormal you may find two sides of the brain giving different electrical activities and this may mean there is a problem in one side of the brain caused by a brain tumor, stroke, infection or epilepsy. EPILEPTIC SPIKES AND WAVE DISCHARGES MONITORED WITH EEG (http://www.webmd.com). A stroke, which is a sudden disruption in blood flow to brain, caused by blockage or bleeding of a blood vessel and Epilepsy which is a nervous system disorder, can cause abnormal electrical activity in the brain and this abnormality can be seen from the results of an EEG test. Another common disease which is on the escalation presently is Alcoholism. This disease is known as alcohol dependence syndrome i.e. the most severe stage of a group of drinking problems, and the person who has this disease is known as an alcoholic. Alcohol clearly affects the brain since impairments such as difficulty in walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times and impaired memory are detectable after only one or two drinks and is quickly resolved when drinking stops. We do know that heavy drinking may have extensive and far-reaching effects on the brain ranging from simple slips in memory to permanent and debilitating conditions that require lifetime custodial care (White 2003). Accordi ng to the number 1 website for alcoholism, http://www.alcoholism.about.com, studies have shown that brains of alcoholics are smaller, lighter and shrunken when compared to that of a normal person. The cerebral cortex or gray matter in the brain controls all the complex mental activities and this is filled with neurons connected by single long fibers which make up the hard wiring of the brain. Heavy consumption of alcohol is particularly damaging on this hard wiring hence the reason why the brain becomes lighter and smaller and the alcoholic severe impairments. SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE HUMAN BRAIN, SHOWING REGIONS VULNERABLE TO ALCOHOLISM-RELATED ABNORMALITIES. (http://www.elvizy.com). Another major organ apart from the brain which alcohol affects is the liver. Long-term abusers of alcohol usually have some degree of liver damage, ranging in severity from asymptomatic and reversible fatty liver, through hepatitis and cirrhosis, to primary liver cell carcinoma, which is usually fatal. Evidence is accruing to suggest that this spectrum of disorders may be a progressive series of stages of increasing severity. Alcohol liver damage accounts for the vast majority of cases of cirrhosis in patients coming to autopsy. Further, mortality from cirrhosis is associated with national per capita levels of consumption. In North-American studies, alcoholic cirrhosis was one of the top five causes of mortality for people aged 25 to 64 years in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1992, Savolainen, Penttila and Karhunen investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and liver cirrhosis in Finland, where the per capita consumption rates doubles between 1969 and 1974. Rates of liver cirrhosi s mortality rose from 4.2 to 9.7 per 100,000 between 1968 and 1988. The mortality rate from cirrhosis has been estimated as between seven and thirteen times higher in alcoholics than in those who do not drink. Although it is more common in men than in women, there is evidence that liver disease progresses more rapidly in the female alcohol abuser (Knight and Longmore 1996). Alcoholics, they say, are not like helpless victims of measles or cancer. They may have impaired control but they can gain control through will-power and learning certain techniques. While the cause of alcoholism is unknown, a number of risk factors have been identified. These include; availability (Australian Aborigines illustrate the importance of availability of alcohol as a risk factor since when they were forbidden to drink there apparently was a low rate of alcohol abuse), family history (alcoholism in the family is probably the strongest predictor of alcoholism occurring in particular individuals), sex (st udies have confirmed higher incidence of alcoholism in men than in women), age (alcoholism in men usually develops in the teens, twenties and thirties while in women it often develops later), geography (people living in urban or suburban areas are more often alcoholics than those living in farms or in small towns), occupation (waiters, bartenders, Dockers, musicians, authors and reporters have relatively high cirrhosis rates whereas accountants, postmen and carpenters have relatively low rates), religion (almost all Jews and Episcopalians drink, but alcoholism among Jews is uncommon and appear relatively low among Episcopalians, whereas Irish Catholics in the USA and UK have high rates of alcoholism) and school difficulty ( secondary school dropouts have a record of being irritable and melancholy and experience feelings of guilt and remorse which drives them to become alcoholics. These lose interest in life and contemplate suicide which is a common outcome of alcoholism). People who have been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time run the risk of developing serious and persistent changes in the brain. Damage may be as a result of the alcohol on the brain or may result indirectly, from a poor health status or from severe liver disease (Goodwin 2000). Alcoholics are not all alike since they experience different degrees of impairment and the disease has different origins for different people. Consequently, researchers have not found conclusive evidence that any one variable is solely responsible for the brain deficits found in alcoholics. Characterizing what makes some alcoholics vulnerable to brain damage whereas others are not remains the subject of active research. The good news is that most alcoholics with cognitive impairment show at least some improvement in brain structure and functioning within a year of abstinence, though some people take much longer (Bates, Bowden and Barry 2002), (Gansler 2000) and (Sullivan 2000). Clinicians must consider a variety of treatment methods to help people stop drinking and to recover from alcohol related brain impairments, and tailor these treatments to the individual patient. Development of these therapies would occur over time with advancements in technology. Brain imaging techniques are u sed by medical doctors so that they can monitor the course of these therapies and see how successful they are. This monitoring is important since imaging can reveal information such as structural, functional and biochemical changes in the living patient over a period of time. Promising new medications also are in the early stages of development, as researchers strive to design therapies that can help prevent alcohols harmful effects and promote the growth of new brain cells to take the place of those that have been damaged by alcohol. OBJECTIVES Electroencephalogram or EEG is a tool used to image the brain while it is performing a cognitive task. This allows us to detect the location and magnitude of brain activity involved in the various types of cognitive functions we study. EEG allows us to view and record the changes in your brain activity during the time you are performing the task. Results from an EEG is extremely useful since Neurologists use this to diagnose seizure disorders (epilepsy), brain tumors, brain hemorrhage, cerebral infarct, head injury, sleep disorders and in confirming death in someone who is in a coma. (Tatum 2007). In this research project we have narrowed the study of the EEG to examine male alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients. The general objective of this project requires us to compare EEG results obtained from testing alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. An alcoholic is one who suffers from the disease known as alcoholism and cannot control how much they consume. Identification of one involves an objective assessment regarding the damage that imbibing alcohol does to the drinkers life compared with the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholics life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that can be difficult to classify. Apart from the general objective of this research project there were many smaller tasks which had to be completed in order for us to obtain successful results and hence fulfill our main objective. The first task of this research project entailed sourcing alcoholic and non-alcoholic volunteers to test. This was particularly important since the successfulness of this task would revolve solely around our general objective. However, once this first task was sorted out and patients were tested, from the results obtained we used analytical methods such as monopolar absolute power maps, coherence maps and chaos analysis to help us get a clearer illustration of the results and hence make the general objective much clearer. The second objective of this project required us to have sufficient background information on the EEG, the experimental methodology when conducting an EEG (10-20 System), analytical methods used to illustrate EEG results, alcoholism, EEG on alcoholics and other general topics revolving around the area of research. In order for this to be a success the necessary books, journals, websites had to be sourced and read before any practical work commenced. Once these two tasks were performed successfully, we then set out to obtain our general objective of analyzing and comparing EEG results of both alcoholics and non-alcoholics. LITERATURE REVIEW An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of your brain by using surface biopotential electrodes. These electrodes are attached to the patients head and hooked by wires to a computer which records the brains electrical activity on the screen or on paper as wavy lines (waveforms). Among the basic waveforms are the alpha, beta, theta and delta rhythms. Alpha waves occur at a frequency of 8 to 12 cycles per second in a regular rhythm and are present only when you are awake but have your eyes closed. They normally disappear when you open your eyes or start concentrating mentally. Beta waves occur at a frequency of 13 to 30 cycles per second and are usually associated with the use of sedative medications. Theta waves occur at a frequency of 4 to 7 cycles per second and are most common in children and young adults. Delta waves occur at a frequency of 0.5 to 3.5 cycles per second and generally occur in young children or during deep sleep. Duri ng an EEG, typically about 20-30 minutes of activity are evaluated and special attention is paid to the basic waveforms, but brief bursts of energy and responses to stimuli, such as light are also examined, (The university of Texas medical branch, http://www.utmbhealthcare.org). Results from an EEG test can tell a lot about the patient and is a read by a neurologist. The waves recorded can be classified as normal or abnormal. Abnormal waves can indicate medical problems, whereas different types of normal waves can indicate various states or activity levels. The value of understanding the normal EEG lies in developing the foundation to provide a clinical basis for identifying abnormality. Knowledge of normal waveform variations, variants of normal EEG that are of uncertain significance, and fluctuations of normal EEG throughout the lifecycle from youth to the aged are essential to provide an accurate impression for clinical interpretation. When abnormality is in doubt, a conservation impression of normal is proper. EEG produces a graphic display of a difference in voltages from two sites of brain functions recorded over time. Extra cranial EEG provides a broad survey of the electrocerebral activity throughout both hemispheres of the brain while intracranial E EG provides focused EEG recording directly from the brain through surgically implanted electrodes that are targeted at specific regions of the brain. (Tatum 2007). Information about a diffuse or focal cerebral dysfunction, the presence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), or patterns of special significance may be revealed from an abnormal EEG. For the successful interpretation of an abnormal EEG, one must first understand the criteria necessary to define normal patterns. While a normal EEG does not exclude a clinical diagnosis (i.e. epilepsy), an abnormal finding on an EEG may be supportive of a diagnosis (i.e. in epilepsy), be indicative of cerebral dysfunction (i.e. focal or generalized slowing), or have nothing to do with the reason that the study was performed (i.e. in headache). It is in the clinical application of the EEG findings that imparts the utility of EEG. (Tatum 2007). Two important applications involving EEG wave classification are diagnosis of sleep disorde rs and construction of brain-computer interfaces to assist disabled people with daily living tasks. Sleep occupies roughly one-third of a persons life and is indispensable for health and well-being. Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a ten-second or longer pauses in breathing during sleep. A person with sleep apnea cannot self-diagnose the presence of this disorder so in order to make diagnoses for sleep disorders, physicians usually need to study patients sleep patterns through sleep recording. A typical sleep recording has multiple channels of EEG waves coming from the electrodes placed on the subjects head. The waves from a healthy subject are stable about zero and show relatively high variability and low correlation whilst the waves from a person with sleep difficulty show less variability and higher correlation. Measuring EEG signals is a non-intrusive procedure since it does not cause any pain to the subject. Sleep staging is the pattern recognition task of classifying sleep recordings into sleep stages continuously over time and is performed by a sleep stager. These sleep stages include rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, four levels of non-REM sleep and being awake. Sleep staging is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of various sleep disorders. In order to make many EEG-based applications practical enough for routine use, it is necessary to achieve high accuracy in EEG wave classification. For physicians specializing in sleep disorders, improving sleep stage classification accuracy can increase both their diagnostic accuracy and the speed with which they make diagnosis. (Min and Luo. n.d). DIAGRAM SHOWING EEG SLEEP PATTERNS, (http://www.benbest.com) Brain-Computer interfaces (BCIs) are currently being developed to facilitate the control of computers by people who are disabled. As disabled people think about what they want to have the computer do, their thinking is classified based on their EEG waves and corresponding instructions are automatically executed by the computer. Accurate EEG wave classification is a critical requirement for computers to receive correct instructions. There are various kinds of BCIs with the most promising one being the P300 BCI using EEG signals. This is so because of its non-invasiveness, ease of use, portability and low set-up cost. In neuroscience, P300 refers to a neutrally-evoked potential component of EEG. (Min and Luo. n.d). Quantitative EEG signal analysis involves the transformation of the EEG signal into numerical values that can be used to examine selected EEG features. Once a specific feature of the EEG has been quantified, it can be displayed using various graphical methods such as topographic mapping or spectral trend monitoring. Other applications of quantitative analysis include automated event detection, intraoperative or ICU monitoring, and source localization. Normative databases of quantitative EEG features (such as the peak alpha rhyth m frequency or amount of alpha reactivity) can be used for statistical comparisons in research studies. Statistical quantitative EEG analysis is not yet considered reliable as an independent measure of abnormal brain function for clinical purposes. Topographic mapping refers to the graphical display of the distribution of a particular EEG feature over the scalp or cortical surface. Advanced forms of topographic mapping attempt to display EEG activity as it might be seen at the cortical surface by superimposing a color or gray scale image of the EEG feature onto the cortical surface image taken from the subjects MRI. More simplified forms of topographic mapping create a graphic display of an EEG feature over an imaginary head surface. All methods of topographic mapping depend heavily on montage construction. (Fisch and Spehlmann 1999). DIAGRAM SHOWING AN EEG TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, (http://www.cerebromente.org) Automated event detection is a form of quantitative analysis in which certain signal characteristics are used to classify an EEG change. It is most commonly applied to the detection of electrographic seizures during epilepsy monitoring. Intraoperative EEG monitoring is performed using continuous routine EEG visual inspection alone or in combination with quantitative EEG monitoring. The most common application of intraoperative EEG monitoring is for ca